Friday, March 18, 2011

Psychology Final Exam


Today I’ve finished typing up my study notes for my General Psychology class’s final exam which is on Wednesday, March 24, 2011!

-         -Stanley Melgrim research obedience to authority
-          -Personal weakness do not cause mental illness
-          -Critical thinking: Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information
-          -Hallucination: Imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli
-          -Delusion: Mistaken beliefs based on a misrepresentations of reality
-          -MMPI test is an objective test
-          -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): test is a projective test (subjective?)
-          -Freud’s 3 part of personality: id, ego, superego
-          -Instinctual motivation is the: id
-          -Mental retardation: ALL
-          -Cognition: ALL
-          -Flynn Effect: ALL: Nutrition, education, better test taking skills, and rising level of education
-          - Not associate with hypnosis: Unfocused attention
-          - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): shock therapy
-          -Suicide- Do not ignore
-          -Opposite attraction: ALL
-          -Operant condition- Positive reinforcement: Adding or presenting a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur
-         -Operant condition- Negative reinforcement: Taking away or removing a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur
-          -Not enough dopamine: Parkinson’s disease
-          -Too much dopamine: Schizophrenia
-         - ECT, medication…: Biomedical therapy
-          -Humanistic: Everyone born good
-         - Psychoanalytic: Everyone born bad
-        -  Behavioral: What you can’t see, don’t bother with it

Therapy:
-         -Freud’s: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic: bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
-          -Ellis: Cognitive: Analyze faulty thought process, beliefs, and negative self-talks, and change these -destructive thoughts with cognitive restructuring
-          -Beck’s: Cognitive-behavior: Focuses on changing faulty thoughts and behaviors
-          -Rogers’s: Humanistic: Work to facilitate personal growth
-          -Behavioral therapies: Use learning principles to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and substitute healthy ones: uses classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning techniques

- Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental process
- Goals of psychology are describe, explain, predict, and change behavior
- The father of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt
- Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective is associated with Freud, Adler, and Horney
- Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes, language, and perception
- Psychological science often questions to what extent we are controlled by biological and genetic factors or by the environment and learning is known as nature-nurture controversy
- Psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the behavioral perspective
- Scientist who seeks knowledge for his/her own sake is conducting Basic Research
- Statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies is Meta-analysis
- The first step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature of existing theories
- Scientific study of biology of behavior and mental processes is called Biopsychology
- Dendrites and cell body receive incoming messages
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released by neurons; Released from the terminal button of a cell, responsible for electrical communication within a cell, part of the power house of a cell
- Evolutionary psychology is the branch of psychology that looks at the relationship between evolutionary changes and behavior
- Sensation: process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain
- Perception: Process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns
- Nightmares occur in REM sleep; Night Terrors occur in NREM sleep
- Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process as a result of practice or experience
- Classical Conditioning: Learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR)
- Unconditioned stimulus: Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior
- Which school is Watson from……Behaviorism
- Hypnosis is use in the medical area
- Neuroplasticity: Brain’s ability to reorganize and change its structure and function throughout the life span
- Social Readjustment Rating Scale: good and bad events in one's life can increase stress levels and make one more susceptible to illness and mental health problems; life changes
- Consciousness: Being aware of surrounding and oneself
- Sensory memory (few seconds):::: STM (working memory; up to 30 seconds)::::LTM (permanent)
- Memory: Internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
- Skinner Box: apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior
- Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, forgetting is initially rapid, then slows
- Linguistic Relativity is based on culture and environment
- Naturalistic Observation: Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant’s natural state or habit
- Experimental Bias: Occurs when researcher influences research results in the expected direction
- Flash Bulb Memory: distinctly vivid, precise, concrete, long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a person’s discovery of shocking events; can be alter
- Abstract: which does not exist at any particular time or place, but rather exists as a type of thing (as an idea, or abstraction)
3 Myths of Hypnosis:
-          Forced hypnosis: people cannot be involuntarily hypnotized; they must be willing to
-          Unethical Behavior: hypnotized people retain awareness and control of their behavior, they can refuse to comply
-          Superhuman Strength: does not affect strength; whatever u have before will be there after being hypnotized

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